Wall Systems & Roofing Basics: Structural Framing and Weatherproof Enclosures

MODULE 9

Wall Systems & Roofing Basics: Structural Framing and Weatherproof Enclosures

1. Wall Framing Systems (Timber & Metal Studs)

Wall framing creates the skeletal structure that defines interior spaces and supports exterior cladding. Two primary methods dominate modern construction:

Timber Framing (Wood Stud Construction)

• Uses dimensional lumber (typically 2x4 or 2x6) spaced 16" or 24" on center

• Requires pressure-treated wood for bottom plates in contact with concrete

• Incorporates headers (lintels) over openings using doubled studs or engineered lumber

• Includes fire-blocking between stud bays at 10' intervals for code compliance

• Features three standard framing methods:

• Platform framing (most common - each floor framed separately)

• Balloon framing (historical - studs run full height between floors)

• Advanced framing (optimal value engineering - reduces thermal bridging)

Metal Stud Framing

• Light-gauge steel channels (25-20 gauge) for non-load bearing partitions

• Requires special self-tapping screws and tin snips for installation

• Offers superior fire resistance and termite-proof qualities

• Demands careful layout to avoid electrical/plumbing conflicts in narrow stud cavities

• Includes proprietary clip systems for seismic reinforcement in earthquake zones

Both systems integrate with:

• Structural sheathing (OSB, plywood) or bracing for lateral stability

• Vapor barriers and insulation installation considerations

• Specialized fastening patterns for different cladding materials

2. Roof Types & Installation Fundamentals

Roof systems combine structural support with weather protection through carefully engineered assemblies:

Common Roof Types

• Gable Roofs: Classic triangular design with rafters meeting at ridge board

• Hip Roofs: Sloped on all sides for better wind resistance

• Flat Roofs: Low-slope (1/4" per foot) with specialized membranes

• Mansard Roofs: Double-sloped for additional living space

• Butterfly Roofs: Modern V-shape for water collection

Structural Framing Methods

• Conventional stick framing (rafters + ceiling joists)

• Truss systems (engineered triangular units)

• Post-and-beam (heavy timber construction)

• Corrugated metal decking (for commercial flat roofs)

Critical Installation Components

1. Underlayment Systems:

• Synthetic or felt paper under shingles

• Ice/water shield in cold climates

• Peel-and-stick membranes for flat roofs

2. Flashing Details:

• Step flashing at wall intersections

• Drip edges at eaves

• Pipe boot flashings for penetrations

3. Ventilation Requirements:

• 1:300 ratio of vent area to attic space

• Balanced intake (soffit) and exhaust (ridge/static) vents

• Proper baffle installation to maintain airflow channels

Material-Specific Techniques

• Asphalt shingles: Staggered courses with proper nail placement

• Metal roofing: Expansion joints and specialized clips

• Tile roofs: Weight distribution calculations and underlayment requirements

• Membrane roofs: Heat-welded seams and perimeter fastening

The module emphasizes OSHA fall protection standards throughout roof work, including proper use of harnesses, guardrails, and safety monitors when working at heights above 6 feet.

Conclusion

This comprehensive module has equipped construction professionals with essential knowledge of wall framing systems and roof structure fundamentals - two critical components that define a building's durability, safety, and weather resistance.