Module 1: Review of Fenestration Fundamentals

Fenestration Fundamentals

Types of Fenestration Products

Fenestration refers to the design, construction, and installation of openings in a building, primarily windows, doors, and skylights. Each type serves a unique function and requires specific installation techniques:

• Windows – Designed to provide light, ventilation, and views while maintaining thermal efficiency. Common styles include:

• Single/Double-Hung – Vertical sliding sashes.

• Casement – Hinged side windows that crank open.

• Sliding (Gliding) – Horizontal-moving panels.

• Awning/Hopper – Hinged at top or bottom, respectively.

• Fixed (Picture Windows) – Non-operable, designed for maximum light.

• Doors – Entry points that combine security, insulation, and aesthetics. Types include:

• Entry Doors – Solid construction (steel, fiberglass, wood).

• Patio/Sliding Doors – Glass-heavy for outdoor access.

• French Doors – Double doors with glass panels.

• Skylights – Roof-mounted windows for natural light, available in fixed, vented, or tubular designs.

Materials and Components

The choice of material affects durability, energy efficiency, and maintenance requirements:

• Vinyl – Low-cost, energy-efficient, and low-maintenance but can expand/contract with temperature changes.

• Wood – Aesthetic and insulating but requires regular upkeep to prevent rot and warping.

• Aluminum – Strong, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant but conducts heat (poor thermal performance unless thermally broken).

• Fiberglass – Highly durable, energy-efficient, and stable in extreme temperatures but more expensive.

Key Components:

• Frame – Structural support (head, jambs, sill).

• Sash – Movable part holding the glass.

• Glazing – Single, double, or triple-pane glass (with Low-E coatings or gas fills for insulation).

• Hardware – Hinges, locks, and operators.

• Weatherstripping – Seals gaps to prevent air/water infiltration.

Basic Installation Techniques

Proper installation ensures structural integrity, weather resistance, and energy efficiency. Core techniques include:

1. Flashing

• A waterproofing layer that directs water away from the opening.

• Types:

• Self-Adhesive (Peel-and-Stick) – Easy to apply, commonly used around windows.

• Metal (Aluminum/Copper) – Durable, used in high-exposure areas.

• Flexible (PVC/Butyl) – Conforms to irregular surfaces.

• Installation Tips:

• Overlap layers like shingles (bottom first, then sides, then top).

• Integrate with the building’s weather-resistant barrier (WRB).

2. Shiming

• Plastic or wooden shims are used to:

• Level and plumb the window/door within the rough opening.

• Prevent frame distortion (avoid over-tightening fasteners).

• Best Practices:

• Place shims near corners and fastener points.

• Check with a level before securing.

3. Sealing

• Prevents air/water leaks and improves insulation.

• Sealant Types:

• Silicone – Flexible, UV-resistant (good for exterior joints).

• Polyurethane – Strong adhesion, paintable (used in gaps).

• Butyl Tape – Used between frame and flashing.

• Application:

• Apply a continuous bead (no gaps).

• Tool the sealant for a smooth finish.

Key Takeaways

• Product Selection – Match window/door types to building needs.

• Material Choice – Balance cost, durability, and energy efficiency.

• Installation Precision – Proper flashing, shimming, and sealing prevent leaks and ensure longevity.