Module 2: Types of Insulation Materials
2.1 Fiberglass, Mineral Wool, and Rockwool
These are fibrous insulation materials, commonly used in residential and commercial buildings due to their fire resistance and thermal performance.
A) Fiberglass
Composition: Thin glass fibers woven into batts or loose-fill.
Properties:
Lightweight, non-flammable, and cost-effective.
R-value: 2.2–4.3 per inch (moderate thermal resistance).
Applications:
Wall cavities, attics, and duct insulation.
Pros:
Easy to install (DIY-friendly).
Resistant to moisture and pests.
Cons:
Can irritate skin/lungs (requires PPE during installation).
Settles over time, reducing effectiveness.
B) Mineral Wool (Slag Wool)
Composition: Made from industrial waste (slag) or basalt rock.
Properties:
Higher density than fiberglass, better soundproofing.
R-value: 3.0–3.3 per inch.
Applications:
Fireproofing, acoustic insulation, and exterior walls.
Pros:
Fire-resistant (withstands 1000°C+).
Does not settle or degrade.
Cons:
Heavier and more expensive than fiberglass.
C) Rockwool (Stone Wool)
Composition: Melted volcanic rock spun into fibers.
Properties:
Superior fire resistance and sound absorption.
R-value: 3.0–3.3 per inch (similar to mineral wool).
Applications:
High-temperature areas (boilers, furnaces), studios, and fire barriers.
Pros:
Water-repellent (does not absorb moisture).
Mold and pest-resistant.
Cons:
More expensive than fiberglass.
2.2 Foam Insulation (Spray Foam, Rigid Foam Boards)
Foam insulation provides high thermal resistance and airtight sealing, making it ideal for modern energy-efficient buildings.
A) Spray Foam Insulation
Types:
Open-cell foam (softer, R-value 3.5–3.7 per inch).
Closed-cell foam (denser, R-value 6.0–7.0 per inch).
Applications:
Wall cavities, roofs, and hard-to-reach gaps.
Pros:
Expands to fill cracks, eliminating air leaks.
Adds structural strength (closed-cell).
Cons:
Expensive (professional installation required).
Releases VOCs during curing (ventilation needed).
B) Rigid Foam Boards (XPS, EPS, Polyiso)
Types:
EPS (Expanded Polystyrene): R-value 3.6–4.0 per inch (budget-friendly).
XPS (Extruded Polystyrene): R-value 5.0 per inch (water-resistant).
Polyiso (Polyisocyanurate): R-value 6.0–6.5 per inch (best for roofs).
Applications:
Exterior sheathing, basement walls, and underfloor insulation.
Pros:
High R-value per inch.
Moisture-resistant (XPS/Polyiso).
Cons:
Flammable (requires fire-rated coatings).
Can be damaged by UV exposure.
2.3 Natural & Sustainable Insulation (Sheep’s Wool, Cellulose, Cork)
Eco-friendly alternatives that reduce environmental impact while providing good insulation.
A) Sheep’s Wool
Properties:
Natural moisture-wicking and fire resistance (due to lanolin).
R-value: 3.5–4.0 per inch.
Applications:
Loft insulation, wall cavities.
Pros:
Biodegradable and renewable.
Regulates humidity.
Cons:
Expensive compared to synthetic options.
B) Cellulose
Composition: Recycled paper (treated with borates for fire resistance).
Properties:
Loose-fill or dense-packed application.
R-value: 3.2–3.8 per inch.
Applications:
Attics, wall retrofits.
Pros:
Cheap and eco-friendly (80% recycled content).
Good soundproofing.
Cons:
Can settle over time.
Vulnerable to mold if damp.
C) Cork
Properties:
Naturally insulating and hypoallergenic.
R-value: 3.0–4.0 per inch.
Applications:
Flooring, wall panels.
Pros:
Fire-resistant and durable.
Resists pests and mold.
Cons:
Higher cost than fiberglass.
2.4 Reflective & Radiant Barriers
These materials reflect radiant heat rather than absorbing it, ideal for hot climates.
A) Reflective Foil Insulation
Composition: Aluminum foil layered with foam or bubble wrap.
Properties:
Blocks up to 97% of radiant heat.
R-value: 1.0–2.0 per layer (works best with air gaps).
Applications:
Attics, roofs, and underfloor insulation.
Pros:
Lightweight and easy to install.
No degradation over time.
Cons:
Less effective in cold climates.
2.5 Choosing the Right Material for Different Applications
Key Selection Factors:
Climate (cold vs. hot regions).
Budget (fiberglass vs. spray foam).
Fire Safety (rockwool vs. polystyrene).
Moisture Resistance (XPS, closed-cell foam).
Sustainability (natural vs. synthetic).
Summary
This module provides a comprehensive comparison of insulation materials, helping professionals and homeowners select the best option for energy efficiency, cost, and environmental impact.
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