2. Module Key Components of Fire Stopping

Effective fire stopping relies on three fundamental elements: the materials and systems used, the types of penetrations being sealed, and compliance with fire test standards. Each component plays a critical role in maintaining fire compartmentation and ensuring life safety. Below is an in-depth breakdown of these key aspects.

A. Materials & Systems

Fire stopping materials are engineered to expand, harden, or insulate when exposed to heat, sealing gaps and preventing fire spread. The most common types include:

1. Fire-Rated Sealants

• Intumescent Sealants: Expand when heated, filling gaps to block flames and smoke (e.g., silicone- or acrylic-based).

• Non-Intumescent Sealants: Maintain integrity under fire but do not expand (used where minimal movement is expected).

• Applications: Gaps around electrical boxes, small pipe penetrations, and joints in fire-rated walls.

2. Firestop Mortars & Putties

• Cementitious or epoxy-based compounds that harden to form a fire-resistant barrier.

• Used for: Larger openings, irregular gaps, and areas needing structural stability.

• Advantages: High durability, good adhesion to multiple substrates.

3. Fire-Resistant Boards & Wraps

• Mineral wool, gypsum, or vermiculite boards used to encase penetrations.

• Applications: HVAC ducts, large cable bundles, and structural steel.

• Benefits: Provide both fire resistance and thermal insulation.

4. Pillows & Blocks

• Pre-formed firestop pillows/blocks made of intumescent or ceramic materials.

• Ideal for: Temporary seals, large openings, or areas requiring easy access.

• Example: Data center cable penetrations where frequent upgrades occur.

5. Collars & Wraps

• Metallic or intumescent collars that tighten around pipes when heated.

• Used for: Plastic pipes (which melt in fire, creating large openings).

• Wraps: Flexible fire-resistant tapes for cables and conduits.

B. Common Penetration Types

Different penetrations require tailored fire stopping solutions based on material behavior under fire conditions:

1. Electrical Conduits & Cables

• Risk: Plastic cable jackets melt, creating pathways for fire.

• Solution: Intumescent sealants, firestop putty, or wraps.

2. Plumbing Pipes (Metal & Plastic)

• Metal Pipes: Expand under heat, requiring flexible sealants.

• Plastic Pipes (PVC, CPVC): Melt at high temps, needing collars or wraps.

3. HVAC Ducts & Dampers

• Ductwork: Requires fire-resistant wraps or fire dampers to prevent flame spread.

• Challenges: Airflow can accelerate fire if not properly sealed.

4. Structural Steel Penetrations

• Steel Beams: Conduct heat, requiring fireproofing (spray, boards, or wraps).

• Critical in: High-rise buildings where structural integrity must be maintained.

C. Fire Test Standards & Compliance

Fire stopping systems must be tested and certified to ensure performance in real fire scenarios. Key standards include:

1. ASTM E814 / UL 1479 (USA)

• Tests: Flame penetration, temperature rise, and hose stream resistance.

• Certifies: Both the material and installation method.

2. BS 476 (UK Standards)

• Part 20-22: Measures fire resistance of building elements.

• Required for: UK construction projects.

3. EN 1366 (European Standards)

• Covers: Fire resistance tests for service penetrations and joints.

• Key for: CE-marked firestop products.

4. Local Building Codes (IBC, NFPA)

• International Building Code (IBC): Specifies firestop requirements in Chapter 7.

• NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code): Mandates fire barriers in escape routes.

Conclusion

Choosing the right materials, understanding penetration types, and adhering to test standards are essential for effective fire stopping. Failure in any of these areas can compromise a building’s fire safety.